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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Steifes Anfangswertproblem</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Ein <b>steifes Anfangswertproblem</b> ist in der <a href="Liste_numerischer_Verfahren#Numerik_gewöhnlicher_Differentialgleichungen" title="Liste numerischer Verfahren">Numerik gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen</a> ein <a href="Anfangswertproblem" title="Anfangswertproblem">Anfangswertproblem</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y'(t)=f(t,y(t)),\ t\geq t_{0},\quad y(t_{0})=y_{0}}">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y'(t)=f(t,y(t)),\ t\geq t_{0},\quad y(t_{0})=y_{0}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/332c71fed13fd89d6470e54f388eee485bedbf2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.312ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y'(t)=f(t,y(t)),\ t\geq t_{0},\quad y(t_{0})=y_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bei dem explizite <a href="Einschrittverfahren" title="Einschrittverfahren">Einschrittverfahren</a> oder <a href="Mehrschrittverfahren" title="Mehrschrittverfahren">Mehrschrittverfahren</a> wegen ihres beschränkten <a href="Stabilit%C3%A4tsgebiet" title="Stabilitätsgebiet">Stabilitätsgebiets</a> erhebliche Schwierigkeiten haben.
Dies ist dann der Fall, wenn die Konstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
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<mi>L</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> in der Lipschitzbedingung (vgl. <a href="Satz_von_Picard-Lindel%C3%B6f" title="Satz von Picard-Lindelöf">Satz von Picard-Lindelöf</a>)
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|f(t,y_{1})-f(t,y_{2})\|\leq L\|y_{1}-y_{2}\|}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|f(t,y_{1})-f(t,y_{2})\|\leq L\|y_{1}-y_{2}\|}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e0f2e08a438fb6239ad2e40c14dfef627e1c10f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.709ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|f(t,y_{1})-f(t,y_{2})\|\leq L\|y_{1}-y_{2}\|}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>große Werte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\gg 1}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\gg 1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3bd045c3a605114a52ea93beb2ddde620272e2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.359ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\gg 1}" loading="lazy"></span> annimmt, die Lösung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/397de1edef5bf2ee15c020f325d7d781a3aa7f50.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.804ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> aber recht glatt verläuft.
In diesem Fall könnten numerische Verfahren diese Lösung mit relativ großen Schrittweiten genau approximieren, explizite Verfahren werden aber wegen des beschränkten Stabilitätsgebiets gezwungen, kleine Schrittweiten zu verwenden.
Typischerweise treten steife Anfangswertprobleme bei der numerischen Approximation von <a href="Parabolische_partielle_Differentialgleichung" title="Parabolische partielle Differentialgleichung">parabolischen partiellen Differentialgleichungen</a> nach erfolgter Diskretisierung im Ortsbereich auf. Ein Beispiel ist das <a href="Crank-Nicolson-Verfahren" title="Crank-Nicolson-Verfahren">Crank-Nicolson-Verfahren</a>, bei dem im Ort eine <a href="Finite-Differenzen-Methode" title="Finite-Differenzen-Methode">Finite-Differenzen-Methode</a> und in Zeitrichtung die implizite <a href="Trapez-Methode" title="Trapez-Methode">Trapez-Methode</a> eingesetzt wird.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel">Beispiel</h2></div>
<p>Die Problematik wird mit dem <a href="Eulersches_Polygonzugverfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulersches Polygonzugverfahren">expliziten</a> und <a href="Implizites_Eulerverfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Implizites Eulerverfahren">impliziten</a> Eulerverfahren und Schrittweite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cbddb7a5cca6170575e4e73e769fbb434c2a3d71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.6ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h>0}" loading="lazy"></span> anhand des linearen Anfangswertproblems
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y'(t)=\lambda {\big (}y(t)-2{\big )},\quad y(0)=1,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
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<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y'(t)=\lambda {\big (}y(t)-2{\big )},\quad y(0)=1,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f8de68e55a622c9034c83cf621cbfb312e95dc1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.276ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y'(t)=\lambda {\big (}y(t)-2{\big )},\quad y(0)=1,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda =-4}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda =-4}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8df70cebdb866553779c1a468b6f48cc5d39333.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.424ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda =-4}" loading="lazy"></span> erläutert. Die exakte Lösung ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t)=2-e^{-4t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t)=2-e^{-4t}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5a0bfee1fa62994ef88ede6b447d034cfa95be1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.916ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t)=2-e^{-4t}}" loading="lazy"></span> und für große <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Lösung beinahe konstant, also sehr glatt.
</p>
<ul><li>Das <a href="Eulersches_Polygonzugverfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulersches Polygonzugverfahren">explizite Eulerverfahren</a> berechnet mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{0}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{0}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3aa87b0b479f0b8902c2f3b25a3069d31f35b00c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.454ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{0}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> die Näherungen</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{k+1}=(1+h\lambda )y_{k}-2h\lambda ,\ k=1,2,3,\ldots .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{k+1}=(1+h\lambda )y_{k}-2h\lambda ,\ k=1,2,3,\ldots .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66b68acf9927ea812168e0a50b6366334a7f4a64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:41.129ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{k+1}=(1+h\lambda )y_{k}-2h\lambda ,\ k=1,2,3,\ldots .}" loading="lazy"></span> Diese liefern aber nur dann brauchbare Werte, wenn der Betrag des Vorfaktors von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{k}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b2ab0248723a410cc2c67ce06ad5c043dcbb933.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.228ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> kleiner eins ist, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |1+h\lambda |<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |1+h\lambda |<1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0e37b25c034f8addb7755a931a3482bdb0411ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.252ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |1+h\lambda |<1}" loading="lazy"></span>, hier also für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h<1/2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h<1/2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2189a590cf1645ea57ab23cea059272ab9d8be0c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.925ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h<1/2}" loading="lazy"></span>. Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h>1/2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h>1/2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac69c84faf85636d949554867177543722eb5d35.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.925ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h>1/2}" loading="lazy"></span> liegt dagegen das Produkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h\lambda =-4h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h\lambda =-4h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f99787e771a37bcdcde23369f2a61ddbd4861b10.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.102ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h\lambda =-4h}" loading="lazy"></span> außerhalb des <a href="Stabilit%C3%A4tsgebiet" title="Stabilitätsgebiet">Stabilitätsgebiets</a>, das bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46e5b5b462e546b1d3d7e5f9a23efece405b2e78.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.971ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -2}" loading="lazy"></span> endet, siehe <a href="Eulersches_Polygonzugverfahren#Eigenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulersches Polygonzugverfahren">Eulersches Polygonzugverfahren#Eigenschaften</a>. Für solche, zu großen Schrittweiten wachsen die Lösungen unbegrenzt an, vgl. Grafik.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>Das <a href="Implizites_Eulerverfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Implizites Eulerverfahren">implizite Eulerverfahren</a> berechnet dagegen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{0}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{0}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3aa87b0b479f0b8902c2f3b25a3069d31f35b00c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.454ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{0}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> ausgehend die Näherungen</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{k+1}={\frac {y_{k}-2h\lambda }{1-h\lambda }},\ k=1,2,3,\ldots .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{k+1}={\frac {y_{k}-2h\lambda }{1-h\lambda }},\ k=1,2,3,\ldots .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a1aee414e7bbd6db3cf89be8c1d682b72ba8d69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:33.459ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{k+1}={\frac {y_{k}-2h\lambda }{1-h\lambda }},\ k=1,2,3,\ldots .}" loading="lazy"></span> Für jede positive Schrittweite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span> ist hier der Vorfaktor von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b2ab0248723a410cc2c67ce06ad5c043dcbb933.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.228ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>, der Bruch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/(1-h\lambda )<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/(1-h\lambda )<1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa0e433801bffbd3c1ac0bdfc6d28324c196195b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.092ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/(1-h\lambda )<1}" loading="lazy"></span>, da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda =-4}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda =-4}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8df70cebdb866553779c1a468b6f48cc5d39333.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.424ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda =-4}" loading="lazy"></span> negativ ist. Denn das <a href="Stabilit%C3%A4tsgebiet" title="Stabilitätsgebiet">Stabilitätsgebiet</a> des <a href="Implizites_Eulerverfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Implizites Eulerverfahren">impliziten Eulerverfahrens</a> umfasst die ganze linke komplexe Halbebene, das Verfahren ist <a href="A-Stabilit%C3%A4t" title="A-Stabilität">A-stabil</a>.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>Die beiden Diagramme zeigen jeweils die exakte Lösung in blau, eine Näherungslösung mit kleiner Schrittweite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h=0{,}2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h=0{,}2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b8e77b5b84f308b16343d270e456c3df7afebc5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.409ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h=0{,}2}" loading="lazy"></span> in grün und die Näherungslösungen mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h=0{,}52}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>52</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h=0{,}52}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0fcace194b38edd8b2fb4c5b6d3fef244e4e373.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.572ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h=0{,}52}" loading="lazy"></span> in rot.</li></ul>
<p>Beim <a href="Eulersches_Polygonzugverfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulersches Polygonzugverfahren">expliziten Eulerverfahren</a> wachsen die roten Näherungen immer weiter an, während auch diese groben Näherungen beim <a href="Implizites_Eulerverfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Implizites Eulerverfahren">impliziten Eulerverfahren</a> in der Nähe der exakten Lösung bleiben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erweiterte_Stabilitätsbegriffe"><span id="Erweiterte_Stabilit.C3.A4tsbegriffe"></span>Erweiterte Stabilitätsbegriffe</h2></div>
<p>Für eine genauere Klassifikation numerischer Verfahren bei steifen Anfangswertproblemen wurden in der Literatur verschiedene Stabilitätsbegriffe eingeführt, die sich in der Regel an unterschiedlichen Testgleichungen orientieren.
Dazu gehören die
</p>
<ol><li>Gleichung von <a href="Germund_Dahlquist" title="Germund Dahlquist">Dahlquist</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y'(t)=\lambda y(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y'(t)=\lambda y(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe31273818b08bcaa7b7fd86a888612c3c552f6e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.752ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y'(t)=\lambda y(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} (\lambda )<0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Re</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} (\lambda )<0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5cbcacc4b28107ddab86963cb738e6b974a06bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} (\lambda )<0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Ihre Lösungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t)=e^{\lambda (t-t_{0})}y_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t)=e^{\lambda (t-t_{0})}y_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4e004185620a40a9c8d40dd042592553eaee2ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.947ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t)=e^{\lambda (t-t_{0})}y_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> gehen alle gegen null für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\to \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\to \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a34d7a61899d577d950881b4a44888d43f3fa93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.777ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\to \infty }" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Prothero-Robinson-Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y'(t)=\lambda {\big (}y(t)-g(t){\big )}+g'(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y'(t)=\lambda {\big (}y(t)-g(t){\big )}+g'(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29194b5fbc448b642ea8d644e1eba34160110053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.78ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y'(t)=\lambda {\big (}y(t)-g(t){\big )}+g'(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} (\lambda )<0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Re</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} (\lambda )<0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5cbcacc4b28107ddab86963cb738e6b974a06bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} (\lambda )<0}" loading="lazy"></span> und einer glatten Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b84f700860ee7af27797d11ddfad3d185eb7af0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.765ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Lösung dieser Gleichung ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t)=g(t)+e^{\lambda (t-t_{0})}(y_{0}-g(t_{0}))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t)=g(t)+e^{\lambda (t-t_{0})}(y_{0}-g(t_{0}))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84055806d1289d55dd9b787c852d9ac460e4abd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.021ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t)=g(t)+e^{\lambda (t-t_{0})}(y_{0}-g(t_{0}))}" loading="lazy"></span>. Für sehr kleine Realteile <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} (\lambda )\ll -1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Re</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≪<!-- ≪ --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} (\lambda )\ll -1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ef68f2357d3f63d43eb44645ad90740b2481079.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.492ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} (\lambda )\ll -1}" loading="lazy"></span> nähern sich alle Lösungen sehr schnell der Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b84f700860ee7af27797d11ddfad3d185eb7af0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.765ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> an.</li>
<li>Die nichtlineare dissipative Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y'(t)=f{\big (}t,y(t){\big )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y'(t)=f{\big (}t,y(t){\big )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e049fba10e0befbe9610d7aaf89ee4de6ddaac24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.679ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y'(t)=f{\big (}t,y(t){\big )}}" loading="lazy"></span>, bei der die rechte Seite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <i>einseitige Lipschitzbedingung</i> erfüllt, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (y-v)^{T}{\big (}f(t,y)-f(t,v){\big )}\leq \mu \|y-v\|_{2}^{2},\quad y,v\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (y-v)^{T}{\big (}f(t,y)-f(t,v){\big )}\leq \mu \|y-v\|_{2}^{2},\quad y,v\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/69bbd0c3fc7a422f93a73d3e6ebb71b2949deab8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:51.559ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (y-v)^{T}{\big (}f(t,y)-f(t,v){\big )}\leq \mu \|y-v\|_{2}^{2},\quad y,v\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}.}" loading="lazy"></span> Im Unterschied zur obigen Lipschitzbedingung sind bei der Konstanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> auch negative Werte möglich. Eine Folge der einseitigen Lipschitzbedingung ist, dass für die Differenz von zwei Lösungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t),v(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t),v(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d13a6ef28b16295e8fe0f623db91b5bad75338f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.615ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t),v(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> der Differentialgleichung die Schranke <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|y(t)-v(t)\|_{2}\leq e^{\mu (t-t_{0})}\|y(t_{0})-v(t_{0})\|_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|y(t)-v(t)\|_{2}\leq e^{\mu (t-t_{0})}\|y(t_{0})-v(t_{0})\|_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f2eb7f9e0e372b4e32fc982916ade54a50198be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.692ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|y(t)-v(t)\|_{2}\leq e^{\mu (t-t_{0})}\|y(t_{0})-v(t_{0})\|_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt, und sich diese für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu <0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu <0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa905b901e1874757c6f7bb0d1b243022920a965.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.663ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu <0}" loading="lazy"></span> und wachsendes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\to \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\to \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a34d7a61899d577d950881b4a44888d43f3fa93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.777ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\to \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> also immer weiter annähern.</li></ol>
<p>Bei numerischen Verfahren ist es vorteilhaft, wenn sich die numerischen Approximationen bei Testgleichungen im Wesentlichen so wie die exakten Lösungen verhalten.
Dementsprechend fordert der Begriff
</p>
<ul><li><a href="A-Stabilit%C3%A4t" title="A-Stabilität">A-Stabilität</a>, dass Näherungslösungen bei der ersten Testgleichungen gegen Null gehen für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\to \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\to \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a34d7a61899d577d950881b4a44888d43f3fa93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.777ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\to \infty }" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li>B-Stabilität, dass sich zwei Näherungslösungen der dritten Testgleichung mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3753282c0ad2ea1e7d63f39425efd13c37da3169.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.663ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =0}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht voneinander entfernen für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\to \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\to \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a34d7a61899d577d950881b4a44888d43f3fa93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.777ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\to \infty }" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Für <a href="Runge-Kutta-Verfahren" title="Runge-Kutta-Verfahren">implizite Runge-Kutta-Verfahren</a> gibt es mit dem Begriff Algebraische Stabilität ein hinreichendes Kriterium für B-Stabilität.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerische_Verfahren_für_steife_Anfangswertprobleme"><span id="Numerische_Verfahren_f.C3.BCr_steife_Anfangswertprobleme"></span>Numerische Verfahren für steife Anfangswertprobleme</h2></div>
<p>Für steife Anfangswertprobleme sind implizite Verfahren effizienter als explizite (das kann man quasi auch als Definition des Begriffs „steif“ ansehen). Spezielle Klassen sind
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Runge-Kutta-Verfahren" title="Runge-Kutta-Verfahren">implizite Runge-Kutta-Verfahren</a></li>
<li><a href="Rosenbrock-Wanner-Verfahren" title="Rosenbrock-Wanner-Verfahren">Rosenbrock-Wanner-Verfahren</a></li>
<li><a href="BDF-Verfahren" title="BDF-Verfahren">BDF-Verfahren</a></li></ul>
<p>Da bei impliziten Verfahren die Auflösung der nichtlinearen Gleichungssysteme einen hohen Aufwand erfordert, wurden auch <i>linear-implizite</i> <a href="Einschrittverfahren" title="Einschrittverfahren">Einschrittverfahren</a> entwickelt wie die genannten <a href="Rosenbrock-Wanner-Verfahren" title="Rosenbrock-Wanner-Verfahren">Rosenbrock-Wanner-Verfahren</a> (ROW-Methoden).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>E. Hairer, G. Wanner: <i>Solving Ordinary Differential Equations II, Stiff problems</i>, Springer Verlag</li>
<li>K. Strehmel, R. Weiner, H. Podhaisky: <i>Numerik gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen – Nichtsteife, steife und differential-algebraische Gleichungen</i>, Springer Spektrum, 2012.</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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